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很久以来,牡蛎作为当地居民、游客和全球市场喜爱的食物,在沿海地区的经济中扮演着重要的角色。同时,大量牡蛎聚集生长所形成的生物性结构称为牡蛎礁,是一种重要的海岸带栖息地,能够带来多重生态效益。然而,过去的一百年里,在全球范围内,因过度捕捞、水体污染、海岸带开发和病害等原因,牡蛎礁栖息地,已退化消失了85%(Beck et al., 2011)。+ K, _* U) u, j( H% Z
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在有些地方,牡蛎礁能够起到防波堤的作用,作为天然屏障抵御海浪冲击和海平面上升带来的影响——尤其是在气候持续变化的情况下。© Jerod Foster
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; g/ K1 E" M9 d3 r牡蛎通过滤食活动可以减少水体中的悬浮微粒和多余营养物,提高水体清澈度;除了净化水体外,牡蛎礁的三维结构不仅能够为众多的海洋生物提供栖身之所、增殖渔业资源;当飓风、台风等灾害袭来时,它还能够有效减轻海浪对于海岸带的冲击,减少岸线侵蚀。而牡蛎礁栖息地的保护和修复是个长期的系统性工程,需要充分调动各方力量,从政策、科研、资金和社会参与等方面积极行动。
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为扭转牡蛎礁的退化趋势,全球多个地区的海洋保护工作者、科研人员和多方社会力量开展了大量的修复研究与实践行动。大自然保护协会(TNC)作为其中一员,在牡蛎礁保护和修复领域进行了20多年的工作。目前,TNC正与合作伙伴在北美、欧洲及亚太地区(包括中国)修复牡蛎礁,恢复它所带来的生态、社会与经济效益。从小规模的修复研究与实践、到海湾河口的大规模修复规划与实施,都取得了良好的修复成效。目前,TNC在全球参与实施的牡蛎礁修复项目已有200多个。 l+ F, e5 j; j* O7 ~
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Consider The Oyster by Bill Rodney音频:00:0004:04
8 m+ J2 v! L+ B0 h; i) o" O; e' E6 W《关心关心牡蛎吧》是为了赞美牡蛎守护海洋健康而作的歌曲,歌中唱到牡蛎在净化水体、形成栖息地和抵御风暴的厉害之处,并指出:“它们可不只是顿饭这么简单”。
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% V; \6 f& K6 O5 _' U" b- VMUSIC AND LYRICS BY BILL RODNEY WITH YANIV BRENNER ON PIANO AND ORGAN
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1 ^- S( }/ b3 tConsider the humble oyster living on the muddy bottom of the bay( F2 Z7 B; J {; l; J- C) P
Why it’s just a rock that’s filled with snot, I heard somebody say$ h* I/ R6 f' a/ J+ G5 {$ w: y' i" ^$ ]
But did you know that just one oyster can filter 50 gallons of water in one day?
1 p# O+ w. X+ G& D A9 `& aNow imagine 10 million oysters on a reef, whoa that blows my mind away
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9 n$ Q6 {) [6 A& X3 HVerse 2:
% b( z5 j& \3 c2 s) `) \When oysters filter water you know, they strain the small stuff out% r% G8 F7 K( N2 H
Nutritious, delicious phytoplankton baby, that’s what it's all about
$ q1 t0 P, Y7 _. [% e1 ~But of all the stuff they filter, only some is gonna make it to their mouth4 o( a2 c/ }2 V. |
The rest gets wrapped in a mucous ball and pseudo-spitted out
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2 ^ i9 o; K, ZChorus:0 t6 z4 Q' Y+ {
Oysters – they’re filtering machines) s3 z6 G; s; t7 c
Oysters – they'll keep the water clean
+ P- o% z# G4 v3 dOysters – they’re habitat producers
- j" B: `9 B) A$ JOysters – wave energy reducers
' V7 q( U! s" b; O/ o- i7 T6 JOysters, oysters, oysters…they’re not just for breakfast anymore
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Verse 3:
8 |, O K o: A2 g c' \9 M* h% vAnd another thing about oysters, they build these gnarly reefs, }2 M' c9 t/ A1 [8 o1 c
That are home to crabs and shrimps and things, that Mr. Redfish likes to eat
) m. m- |5 Y2 {; s7 q& O9 S/ [Yeah that’s his destination when he's looking to obtain a tasty treat
+ K9 }' d2 I4 q1 A1 ~2 f! VAnd that stimulates production in the fishes, yeah I think that’s pretty neat4 x2 t1 r6 T- j* Z( J/ c
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Verse 4:5 }9 y6 N1 I5 z% d
When oysters build their gnarly reefs in skinny waters near the marshy shore# P: N7 @1 B* w5 } m3 B. B! \
This creates an opportunity for the oyster to contribute even more. V* n0 |1 g' _
They attenuate wave energy when the winds blow hard and make the white caps roar
) D. c9 p4 Y0 C sThe rugose reefs reduce erosive forces, yeah baby that’s a score
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( o3 f; s- Y' u2 _7 O2 \Chorus:
7 `( h6 ^4 f5 `) i3 n# LOysters – they’re filtering machines& P: M+ \' b2 s! ?
Oysters – help keep the water clean
5 X; y( x8 g% r# D9 QOysters – they’re habitat producers! Z F: h( z1 P3 J. k( G
Oysters – wave energy reducers
! {* I" G! S9 C2 H2 \0 ]Oysters, oysters, oysters…the best come from Texas, don’t’ mess with the rest cause, they’re not just for breakfast anymore% ]# I$ ~* @2 _' P: p
牡蛎礁,这一种令人惊叹的栖息地,不仅在海岸带生态系统中发挥着不可或缺的支撑作用,同时也可以作为基于自然的解决方案(Nature-based Solutions,NbS),例如配合海堤等灰色基础设施构成生态岸线,抵御风暴灾害的同时也为社区居民亲近自然、了解海洋提供重要渠道。我们相信,未来在大家的共同努力下,牡蛎礁将重新生机勃勃!5 _3 {7 J1 ^# L" P
" g$ O* a9 v% ~4 n- f世界海洋日 / Q6 X" H% y7 v' c# n% z" S
海洋覆盖了地球70%以上的面积。海洋是我们的生命之源,人类以及地球上其他所有生命都依赖于海洋。海洋产生了地球上至少50%的氧气,是地球上大多数生物多样性的家园,全球超过10亿人口摄入的蛋白质也主要来源于海洋。然而,我们的海洋正处于危机之中,受到海洋垃圾、过度捕捞、气候变化等因素的威胁。2022年世界海洋日的全球主题是“振兴海洋 集体行动”(Revitalization: Collective Action for the Ocean)。我们需要为子孙后代保护好美妙的海洋资源。
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